The Roman expression for 'to calculate' is 'calculos ponere' - literally, 'to place pebbles'. For example, in a BBC2 sponsored series Building the Impossible, Episode 2: The Roman Catapult, structural engineer Chris Wise wonders how the Romans did the calculations necessary to design and build the Roman Catapult used to destroy the walls of Jerusalem in 70 AD, when the math necessary wouldn't be developed for over 1500 years! (Watch 1st minute of ). Even today we marvel over their accomplishments and wonder how they did them. The Ancient Romans were excellent practical engineers and architects. Developed later, constrained bead devices with less arithmetic functionality are also called abaci, e.g., Roman Hand Abacus, Chinese Suan Pan, and Japanese Soroban. Such an abacus (perhaps chipped beyond use in construction) makes a fine flat surface on which to inscribe lines from which we get the name, counting board abacus. In classic Greek architecture, an abacus is a flat slab of marble on top of a column’s capital, supporting the architrave, or beam. A remarkably fast and accurate computer, as demonstrated by a Japanese abacus (Soroban) operator who beat a skilled electric calculator operator in a contest in Tokyo on ( Kojima-1, p.12). But when a person uses the abacus to perform calculations, then the person-abacus is a computer. So too, an abacus is just an assembly of beads and rods or lines and pebbles, and is not a computer. When a person starts punching the keys and turning the crank the person-device computes and is a computer. It does no computing and is, therefore, not a computer. If you stare at an old mechanical calculator it just sits there. Because it's much easier to modify, updates will first show up on. P.P.S.: Also available as of are paperback and eBook versions of Ancient Computers with essentially the same content (see Links). P.S.: Before you edit Ancient Computers, please be sure you read and understand the whole article and the Works Cited, and have watched and understand all of Stephenson's videos. I hope you find Ancient Computers interesting and useful, So as a hobby, I've worked the last 10 years to (re)discover the schematics and rules of the the Ancients used to do their accounting and engineering to support and empower the greatest empires in human history. Gonzalez said, "Yes, but how would you do multiplication and division?" I was struck by how easy it would be to use ancient Roman, Greek, Egyptian, and Babylonian numerals to record abaci calculation results. and in computers.Īfter getting my M.Eng.(Elect.) at Cornell, my 30 year career included working on the design and construction of nuclear power plants, missile systems software engineering, and industrial and engineering computer systems sales and systems engineering.ĭeciding to become a high school math teacher at the end of 2000, I took a History of Math course as part of my M.Ed. An event that sparked my interest in abaci. In Tokyo in 1964 I bought a Soroban with Kojima’s book "The Japanese Abacus: Its Use and Theory". Perhaps a Nonary Abacus is the way to do it. If instead, the algorithms of the 3rd abacus design were implemented a much greater efficiency may be realized because there would be fewer tokens (bits) to manipulate. The use of Chinese abacus approach offers a competitive technique with respect to other adders.Ī Chinese Abacus is fundamentally a 2nd abacus design. The power consumption of the abacus adder is 3.1mW and 28% less than that of Carry Look-ahead Adders for 0.18μm technology. The maximum delay of the 32-bit abacus adder is 0.91ns and 14% less than that of Carry Look-ahead Adders for 0.18μm technology. Group in Taiwan implements CMOS adder using Chinese Abacus algorithms see Electronic Chinese Abacus. 27 Appendix V: Visualizing the Basis of Abacus Arithmetic.26.3 Subtracting Numbers in Scientific Notation.26.2 Evidence of Earliest Use And Scientific Notation.20 Appendix M: Multiplication and Division Examples.18 Appendix F: FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions.17 Appendix E: Egyptian-Babylonian Link.7 Plausible Historic Sequence of Abaci Development.
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Great option for kids.Įven more ideas in the rubric - origami for kids.īy the way, a easy origami frog looks good with a lotus. Step 3: Flattening the Star Easy Origami Lotus Instructions - The Spruce Crafts origai. Your napkin will not stay like this so it's okay to hold it in place. Fold the rest of the corners to the middle, creasing well. Place a flower on it, glue it if desired. Welcome to my tutorial on how to make an origami lotus flower. Flatten (or press) the napkin at this point, making sure the corners are as sharp as possible and not blunt. Bend a little all 4 of its corners, trying to make them the same. The folds we need in the form of a snowflake are ready. Spread back and fold in half again, but now connect the other two sides. Unfold the paper and fold it into a triangle again, but now connect the other two opposite corners.įlatten the paper again, giving it the shape of a square, and fold it into a rectangle, connecting the sides. How to Make Origami Lotus DIY Paper Crafts Paper Flowers Lotus flower paper craft In this video, I have shown you how to make a paper or origami Lotus. In this video I will show you step by step how to make an origami lotus. On its square we will make 4 intersecting folds.įirst, fold the square into a triangle, iron the fold. Everything, the simplest lotus flower is ready. Now the flower needs to be rounded, for this, bend back the bottom corner and small side corners. Lift the right and left corners up, placing them on the sides of the upper corner. It works best with paper that is a little flexible, as step 7 (see below) can sometimes make the paper rip if it is too brittle. Make the third triangle out of this second triangle by folding it into half. Again fold the triangle into another triangle. Next, take the biggest pink square sheet and fold into a triangle. Cut the pink and the yellow squares and keep aside. You need to be very careful pulling the paper in lotus origami istructions questions WebStep 1. Printable Instructions & Video Origami Lotus Instructions: The beautiful origami lotus is much simpler than it looks Make it with some special textured paper for a lovely effect. Take a yellow sheet and draw a square of 10cm by 10cm (2 nos). As you can see in the photo, the lower part of the triangle is larger. Easy Origami Lotus Instructions - The Spruce Crafts. Optionally, glue to stick the two pieces together.īoth segments should be square in shape, you can take the same size, or you can make the green leaf a little larger.įold the pink square segment into a triangle, but so that the edges in it do not touch.But both parts of the plant are very simple, even children can handle it. This origami lotus flower consists of a leaf and a flower. With regard to the bye, I would rather have it closer to the midpoint of the season. We are playing a lot on holidays, which is not great for spending time with family, but those games provide great exposure for the team and the organization (and this is what we signed up for by playing and working in the NFL). The fact that we have five primetime games (and six national games), shows that the league still views us as a great draw and that there is a lot of interest in how the team will do with Jordan Love as QB. I thought the league might not give us as many primetime games with Aaron Rodgers moving on to the Jets. Overall, Steve, I was pleased with the schedule. It is a special tradition and highlights the connection between our players and younger fans. One other constant is the bicycle tradition (which dates back to 1958), where players ride the bikes of local kids from the locker room to the practice field, and then back after practice. We will have 13 practices open to the public this year, including Family Night. Although we have fewer practices, the fans still line up to get the best seats at Nitschke Field. From a fan's perspective, though, training camp remains a truly special time of year. For our current players, training camp is much shorter (three preseason games), and we only have one practice a day. He also didn't allow the players to have water breaks because he thought they weakened you. In my rookie year with Washington in 1977, our head coach George Allen held two practices during the day and a walk-through at night. Vince Lombardi put his team through grueling two-a-day practices (with seemingly endless up-downs) and the team played six preseason games each year. From a player's perspective, NFL training camps have changed dramatically over the years. It’s easy to speculate as to why Strange World has basically been dumped into theaters. And even Fox News has made nary a peep about Strange World’s discourse-ready casting. Reviews dropped two days before the film’s release, generating no conversation. YouTube isn’t bombarding us with trailers. There are no Strange World toys at McDonald’s right now. Instead, the biggest studio in the world has released a new feature film with practically zero fanfare. Yet Strange World has landed neither with a bang nor a whimper. Between the explicit queerness and the interracial family at its center, Strange World is shockingly progressive-well, as far as Hollywood family films go. Strange World boasts not only a queer teen lead, voiced by IRL queer comedy icon Jaboukie Young-White, but that queer teen is also biracial. Very much not par for the course, though, is the other Disney movie with a queer hero playing this weekend. In Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, Michaela Coel plays a warrior with a female partner, a relationship given the most cursory of nods toward the end of the movie when the pair calls each other “love.” That feint toward sexual diversity is par for the course with Disney movies these days: sprinkle a little queerness in there for the folks at home, but not too much, so that it can be easily excised for the overseas release. Disney has two movies in theaters right now starring queer characters-but you’d be hard-pressed to name both of them. Windscribe is another best VPN for Popcorn Time free in Canada that works well with Popcorn Time and other streaming platforms. Windscribe – 10GB free data for Popcorn Time ProtonVPN is also the best free UK VPN if you want to try it out in England.ĭownload ProtonVPN in Canada 2. This way, you can try all its premium features and fast speeds. But the good thing is that you can try its premium version free of cost using ProtonVPNs 7-day free trial. 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This is the part that causes you to scratch your head and experiment, because it’s rare that the solution is immediately obvious or that the first thing you try will work. The key part, of course - and the part that makes both SpaceChem and Infinifactory such good puzzlers - is that 20% you haven’t come across before. The move to 3D confers a lot more flexibility in what you can build and so there’s usually a little tweaking of the design involved to make it better fit the specific circumstance you’re using it in, but probably 70-80% of each level is built using mechanisms and ideas you’ve used in previous puzzles. Like all the best puzzle games Infinifactory never holds your hand beyond a few infographics to demonstrate the functioning of new blocks, but it is quite good at ramping up the complexity of its puzzles - and its mechanisms - in such a way that you quickly and naturally establish a basic toolbox for doing tasks you encounter again and again, like counting out a specific number of a certain block before pushing it on to the next stage of the factory. Infinifactory’s challenge instead lies in the design of individual mechanisms rather than the construction of an entire system each level starts with you taking a look at the input and ouput and mapping out a series of tasks that have to be done to make one match the other, and then building a series of mechanisms that will accomplish these tasks. Infinifactory is positively roomy by comparison – I’m 12 hours in and about two thirds of the way through the campaigns, and I’ve only just come across a level where I had to stretch to squeeze everything in. In SpaceChem you were slaved to that 2D grid which made transportation of the larger molecules downright hellish in places. This is a fair bit more freedom than SpaceChem gave you. You have an unlimited number of these blocks - which are perfectly happy floating in midair as long as there’s at least one block in the construction anchored to the ground - as well as the ability to fly anywhere in the level via jetpack, so the factory you can build is limited only by the selection of blocks you’ve unlocked and the total amount of space available in the level. To do this you have at your disposal a selection of factory blocks, starting with a basic conveyor belt and progressing through to welders, sensors, pusher blocks, rotator blocks and more. In Infinifactory the inputs take the form of (at the start of the game) a selection of one or more blocks that have to be stuck together into a certain configuration, or (later on) some big pre-built construction that has to be rebuilt into something new. Every puzzle in Infinifactory has you taking a set inputs and manipulating them to form a desired output, just like in SpaceChem. Oh okay, there are some important differences that go beyond the additional dimension. The manipulators can be given simple instructions – grab, drop, rotate, pause and so on - and the key to the game is to synchronise your manipulators with careful timing to achieve the desired output. If you want a little more information before you do that, I’ll grudgingly oblige, though: SpaceChem is a game where you take a series of inputs - in SpaceChem’s case a variety of molecules - and use a pair of manipulators on a 2D grid to weld them together into bigger and more complex molecules. What’s that? You didn’t play SpaceChem? Well, in that case my advice would be for you to crawl out from the rock you’ve been living under for the past five years, go to Steam, and buy it right the fuck now, since it’s the best puzzle game I’ve played in the last decade. In fairness to Zachtronics they did make SpaceChem, and so in describing their third mass-market game this way they’ve just saved me a whole lot of bother trying to sum up what Infinifactory is about. LIKE SPACECHEM… IN 3D! Design and run factories in a first-person, fully 3D environment. It feels somewhat dismissive to call Infinifactory “ SpaceChem – but in 3D!”, but that’s exactly what it is – indeed, that’s exactly what it’s marketed as in the Steam blurb: Advantages and Disadvantages of using Bitcoin RejoinĪdvantages of using Bitcoin Rejoin for trading include:Īutomated trading: Bitcoin Rejoin allows users to trade Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies automatically, eliminating the need for manual trading. 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